כל חלקי הפטריה:

תפטיר (mycelium).

גוף הפרי (fruiting body).

נבגים (spores).

טמפרטורה: קרירה.

לחות: נייטרלית.

טעם: מתקתק, מריר.

מרידיאנים: לב, כליות, כבד.

תמצית נוזלית (טינקטורה): בריכוז של 1:3, 45% אלכוהול, 5-15 מ”ל ליום.

תמצית יבשה: תמצית תקנית בריכוז של 30% פוליסכרידים, 200-1,000 מ”ג ליום.

מרתח: 3-9 גרם ליום.

כחלק מפורמולה: 20-30%.

פוליסכרידים:

grifon-D

grifolan

D-fraction

MD-fraction

MZ-fraction

X-Fraction

SX-Fraction

beta-D-glucose

מונוסכרידים:

Glucose

Galactose

Mannose

Ribose

Fucose

Mannitol

Trehalose

תרכובות פנוליות:

Malic acid

Acetic acid

נוקלאוטידים:

Adenosine

Cytosine

Guanosine

Inosine

Uridine

xanthosine

ויטמינים:

ויטמינים ממשפחת B-complex

מינרלים:

אשלגן (Potassium)

בריום (Barium)

בורון (Boron)

סידן (Calcium)

כרום (Chromium)

מגנזיום (Magnesium)

מנגן (Manganese)

ברזל (Iron)

סטרונציום (Strontium)

זרחן (Phosphorus)

אבץ (Zinc)

נחושת (Copper)

נתרן (Sodium)

חומצות שומן:

Oleic acid

Linoleic acid

Palmitic acid

Palmitoleic acid

Stearic acid

Myristic acid

פוספוליפידים:

Phosphatedylinositol

Phosphatedylcholine

phosphatedylethanolamine

Phosphatidylserine

Phosphatic acid

חומצות אמינו:

Alanine

Arginine

Aspartic acid

Cysteic acid

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Glutamic acid

Glycine

Histidine

Isoleucine

Leucine

Lysine

Methionine

Phenylalanine

Proline

Serine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Tyrosine

Valine

חלבונים יחודיים:

Lys-N

חומצות אורגניות:

Octadecanoic acid

Octadecadienoic acid

1 Hobbs C. Medicinal Mushrooms, 3rd ed. Loveland (CO): Interweave Press; 1996.

2 He X, Wang X, Fang J, Chang Y, Ning N, Guo H, Huang L, Huang X, Zhao Z. Polysaccharides in Grifola frondosa mushroom and their health promoting properties: A review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2017 Aug;101:910-921. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.177. Epub 2017 Mar 31. Review.

3 Adachi K, Nanba H, Kuroda H. Potentiation of host-mediated antitumor activity in mice by beta glucan obtained from Grifola frondosa (maitake). Chem Pharm Bull 1987;35:262-70.

4 Huang SJ, Tsai SY, Lin SY, Liang CH, Mau JL. Nonvolatile taste components of culinary-medicinal maitake mushroom, Grifola frondosa (Dicks.:Fr.) S.F. Gray. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2011;13(3):265-72.

5 Kubo K, Aoki H. Nanba H. Anti-diabetic activity present in the fruit body of Grifola frondosa (Maitake). Biol Pharm Bull 1994;17:1106-10.

6 Horio H, Ohtsuru M. Maitake (Grifola frondosa) improve glucose tolerance of experimental diabetic rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 2001;47:57-63.

7 Kodama N, Komuta K, Nanba H. Can Maitake MD-fraction aid cancer patients? Altern Med Rev 2002;7:236-9.

8 Miura NN. Blood clearance of (1—>3)-beta-D-glucan in MRL lpr/lpr mice. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1996;13:51-7.

9 Ohno N, et al. Characterization of the antitumor glucan obtained from liquid-cultured Grifola frondosa. Chem Pharm Bull 1986;34:1709-1715.

10 Nanba H, Kubo K. Maitake D-fraction: Healing and preventive potential for cancer. J Orthomolecular Med 1997;12:43-9.

11 Konno S, et al. A possible hypoglycaemic effect of maitake mushroom on Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 2001 Dec;18(12):1010.

12 Yamada Y, et al. Antitumor effect of orally administered extracts from fruit body of Grifola frondosa (maitake). Chemotherapy 1990;38:790-6.

13 Lin H, et al. Maitake beta-glucan MD-fraction enhances bone marrow colony formation and reduces doxorubicin toxicity in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2004 Jan;4(1):91-9.

14 Hong L, Xun M, Wutong W. Anti-diabetic effect of an alpha-glucan from fruit body of maitake (Grifola frondosa) on KK-Ay mice. Pharm Pharmacol. 2007 Apr;59(4):575-82.

15 Masuda Y, Murata Y, Hayashi M, Nanba H. Inhibitory effect of MD-Fraction on tumor metastasis: involvement of NK cell activation and suppression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression in lung vascular endothelial cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2008 Jun;31(6):1104-8.

16 Deng G, Lin H, Seidman A, et al. A phase I/II trial of a polysaccharide extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom) in breast cancer patients: immunological effects. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep;135(9):1215-21.

17 Harada N, Kodama N, Nanba H. Relationship between dendritic cells and the D-fraction-induced Th-1 dominant response in BALB/c tumor-bearing mice. Cancer Lett.2003;192(2):181-7.

18 Shomori K, Yamamoto M, Arifuku I, Teramachi K, Ito H. Antitumor effects of a water-soluble extract from Maitake (Grifola frondosa) on human gastric cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep.2009 Sep;22(3):615-20.

19 Lin H, de Stanchina E, Zhou XK, et al. Maitake beta-glucan promotes recovery of leukocytes and myeloid cell function in peripheral blood from paclitaxel hematotoxicity. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2010 Jun;59(6):885-97.

20 Louie B, Rajamahanty S, Won J, Choudhury M, Konno S. Synergistic potentiation of interferon activity with maitake mushroom d-fraction on bladder cancer cells. BJU Int.2010 Apr;105(7):1011-5.

21 Lee JS, Park SY, Thapa D, et al. Grifola frondosa water extract alleviates intestinal inflammation by suppressing TNF-alpha production and its signaling. Exp Mol Med. 2010 Feb 28;42(2):143-54.

22 Masuda Y, Ito K, Konishi M, Nanba H. A polysaccharide extracted from Grifola frondosaenhances the anti-tumor activity of bone marrow-derived dendritic cell-based immunotherapy against murine colon cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2010 Oct;59(10):1531-41.

23 Hanselin MR, Vande Griend JP, Linnebur SA. INR elevation with maitake extract in combination with warfarin. Ann Pharmacother. 2010 Jan;44(1):223-4.

24 Chen JT, Tominaga K, Sato Y, Anzai H, Matsuoka R. Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) extract induces ovulation in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a possible monotherapy and a combination therapy after failure with first-line clomiphene citrate. J Altern Complement Med. 2010 Dec;16(12):1295-9.

25 Soares R, Meireles M, Rocha A, et al. Maitake (D fraction) mushroom extract induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells by BAK-1 gene activation. J Med Food. 2011 Jun;14(6):563-72.

26 Fang J, Wang Y, Lv X, et al. Structure of a β-glucan from Grifola frondosa and its antitumor effect by activating Dectin-1/Syk/NF-κB signaling. Glycoconj J. 2012 Aug;29(5-6):365-77.

27 Wesa KM, Cunningham-Rundles S, Klimek VM, et al. Maitake mushroom extract in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): a phase II study. Cancer Immunol Immunother. (2015) 64:237–247 DOI 10.1007/s00262-014-1628-6.

28 Roldan-Deamicis A, Alonso E, Brie B, Braico DA, Balogh GA. Maitake Pro4X has anti-cancer activity and prevents oncogenesis in BALBc mice. Cancer Med. 2016 Sep;5(9):2427-41.

29 Zhang Y, Sun D, Meng Q, Guo W, Chen Q, Zhang Y. Grifola frondosa polysaccharides induce breast cancer cell apoptosis via the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway. Int J Mol Med. 2017 Oct;40(4):1089-1095.

30 Masuda Y, Nakayama Y, Tanaka A, Naito K, Konishi M. Antitumor activity of orally administered maitake α-glucan by stimulating antitumor immune response in murine tumor. PLoS One. 2017 Mar 9;12(3):e0173621.

31 Bao H, Ran P, Sun L et al. Griflola frondosa (GF) produces significant antidepressant effects involving AMPA receptor activation in mice. Pharm Biol. 2017 Dec;55(1):299-305.

32 Mao G, Li Q, Deng C, et al. The synergism and attenuation effect of Selenium (Se)-enriched Grifola frondosa (Se)-polysaccharide on 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) in Heps-bearing mice. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018 Feb;107(Pt B):2211-2216.

33 Zhao F, Zhao J, Song L, Zhang YQ, Guo Z, Yang KH. The induction of apoptosis and autophagy in human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells by combined treatment with vitamin C and polysaccharides extracted from Grifola frondosa. Apoptosis. 2017 Nov;22(11):1461-1472.

34 Sultana SS, Ghosh J, Chakraborty S, et al. Selective in vitro inhibition of Leishmania donovani by a semi-purified fraction of wild mushroom Grifola frondosa. Exp Parasitol. 2018 Sep;192:73-84.

35 Nanba H, Kodama N, Schar D, Turner D. Effects of maitake (Grifola frondosa) glucan in HIV-infected patients. Mycoscience 2000;41: 293–5.

36 Nanba H, Hamaguchi A, Kuroda H. The chemical structure of an antitumor polysaccharide in fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (maitake). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1987;35:1162–8.

37 Kodama N, Komuta K, Nanba H. Can maitake MD-fraction aid cancer patients? Altern Med Rev 2002;7:236–9.

38 Konno S, Aynehchi S, Dolin DJ, Schwartz AM, Choudhury MS, Tazakin HN. Anticancer and hypoglycemic effects of polysaccharides in edible and medicinal Maitake mushroom [Grifola frondosa (Dicks.:Fr.) S.F.Gray]. Int J Med Mushrooms 2002;4:185–95.